About the Authors
Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the P. Wild company (Idar-Oberstein, Germany) for providing us with numerous pictures from the mines and supporting us with samples for this research project. Marcus Paul Wild explained us the geological background of some Brazilian tourmaline mines. Brian Pavlik from Brian’s Fine Gems (Austria) granted us permission to us pictures from the Pavlik Gem History Archive (Vienna, Austria) and donated Paraiba tourmalines from the first production years (1988). Gebr. Bank (Idar Oberstein) donated samples from the first mining period in Mozambique and obtained further samples from Paraiba from Bob von Wagoner (Beija-Flor Gems). Tourmalines from Nigeria were received from Steve Jaquith and Arnold Silverberg in Bangkok. Hatta New World company provided us professional jewelry photography and valuable jewelry sets for testing purposes. Without the support from African miners and dealers, we would not have been able to acquire multicolored tourmaline samples from Mozambique. C.H. Lapidaries from Bangkok assisted us for faceting our own rough materials. Miriam Peretti helped for presentation of jewelry sets and Elia Menghini assisted in ED-XRF analysis.
Many thanks to Mr. Tanthadilok for graphic and artwork, Ms Anong Kranpaphai from Anong Imaging for photography and Mr. Michael for preparing this report for the Internet online version, now in translation mode for over a dozen languages (www.gemresearch.ch).

About the Authors

Dr. Peretti is Director of the GRS Gemresearch Swisslab Ltd., Lucerne, Switzerland
adolf@peretti.ch

Dr. Günther is Professor for Trace Elements and Microanalysis at the Laboratory for Inorganic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
guenther@inorg.chem.ethz.ch

K. Hametner is Research Assistant for Trace Elements and Microanalysis at the Laboratory for Inorganic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
hametner@inorg.chem.ethz.ch

W. Bieri (Bsc. EarthSc.) is Research Gemologist at GRS(Thailand) in Bangkok, Thailand
wbieri@gemresearch.ch

Dr. Reusser is Research Scientist at Institute of Mineralogy and Petrography, ETH Zentrum, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
eric.reusser@erdw.ethz.ch

An extended scientific report of this book is published under:

Lit Par01 Peretti A., Reusser E., Bieri W., Hametner K. and Guenther D. (in prep.) Provenance studies of “Paraiba” tourmalines using EMPA and LA-ICP-MS analysis. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry.

Literature review on methods

Lit Par02 ArmstrongJ.T., Caltech 1993, Jeol license of CITZAF version 3.5.

Lit Par03 Gao, S., Liu, X., Yuan, H., Hattendorf, B., Günther, D., Chen, L., Hu, S. 2002 Analysis of forty-two major and trace elements of USGS and NIST SRM Glasses by LA-ICPMS Geostandard Newsletters, Vol. 26, 181-195

Lit Par04 Guillong M., Günther D. (2001) Quasi ‘non-destructive’ laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry fingerprinting of sapphires. Spectrochimica Acta Part B, Vol. 56, pp. 1219-1231.



Lit Par05 Günther D., Hattendorf B. (2005) Solid sample analysis using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Vol.24, No. 3, pp. 255-265.

Lit Par06 Leach A.M., Hieftje G.M. (2002) Factors affecting the production of fast transient signals in single shot laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Applied Spectroscopy. Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 62-69.

Lit Par07 LongerichH.P., Jackson S.E., Günther D. (1996) Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric transient signal data acquisition and analyte concentration calculation. Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry. 1996. Ft Lauderdale.

Lit Par08 Pearce N. J. G., Perkins W. T., Westgate J. A., Gorton M. P., Jackson S. E., Neal C. R., Chenery S. P. (1996) Application of new and published major and trace elements data for NIST SRM 610 and NIST SRM 612 glass reference materials. Geostandards Newsletter, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 115-144.

Lit Par09 Peretti A., Mullis J., Mouawad F. (1996) The role of fluorine in the formation of color zoning in rubies from Mong Hsu (Myanmar, Burma). J. Gemmol. 25: p. 3-19.

Lit Par10 Rossman G. R., Mattson S. M. (1986) Yellow, Mn-rich elbaite with Mn-Ti intervalence charge transfer. American Mineralogist, Vol. 71, pp. 599-602.

Literature review on tourmalines from Brazil

Lit Par11 Abduriyim A., Kitawaki H., Furuya M., Schwarz D. (2006) "Paraiba"-type copper-bearing tourmaline from Brazil, Nigeria, and Mozambique: Chemical fingerprinting by LA-ICP-MS. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 4-21.

Lit Par12 Bank H.,Henn U. (1990) Paraiba tourmaline: Beauty and rarity. Jewellery News Asia, No.70, 1990, pp. 62, 64.

Lit Par13 Bank H., Henn U., Bank F. H., von Platen H., HofmeisterW. (1990) Leuchtendblaue Cu-führendeTurmalineaus Paraiba, Brasilien. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol.39, No. 1, pp. 3-11.

Lit Par14 Brandstätter F., Niedermayr G. (1994) Copper and tenorite inclusions in cuprian-elbaite tourmaline from Paraiba, Brazil. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 178-183.

Lit Par15 FedermanD. (1990) Gem profile. Paraiba tourmaline: Toast of the trade. Modern Jeweler, Vol.89, No. 1, p. 48.

Lit Par16 Fritsch E., Shigley J. E., Rossman G. R., Mercer M. E., Muhlmeister S., Moon M. (1990) Gem-quality cuprian-elbaite tourmalines from São José da Batalha, Paraiba, Brazil. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 189-205.

Lit Par17 Furuya M. (2004) Electric blue tourmaline from Nigeria: Paraiba tourmaline or new name? Proceedings of the 29th International Gemmological Conference 2004, Wuhan, China, September 13-17, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) and Hong Kong Institute of Gemmology, pp. 111-112.
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